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KMID : 1156220170430040280
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Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
2017 Volume.43 No. 4 p.280 ~ p.297
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Exposure Level to Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticides and Related Agricultural Factors in Chili and Cucumber Cultivation among Greenhouse and Orchard Farmers
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Kim Shin-Ah
Roh Sang-Chul
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Abstract
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Objectives: We assessed pesticide exposure levels according to cultivation and crop type and investigated agricultural factors related to exposure.
Methods: The participants, 341 male and 127 female farmers, were divided into three groups by cultivation crop type: chili greenhouse, cucumber greenhouse, and orchard. We collected questionnaires, socioeconomic characteristics and agricultural factors, and spot urine. Pesticide exposure was examined using four organophosphate and four pyrethroids urinary metabolites: dimethylphosphate, dimethylthiophosphate, diethylphosphate, diethylthiophosphate, Cis and Trans-3-(2-2dichlorovinyl)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), Cis-3-(2-2dibrmovinyl)-2, and 2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid. Each metabolite was summed ΣDAP and ΣPY according to the chemical class.
Results: Urinary metabolite detection rates and concentrations were similar between the greenhouse groups, but the orchard group was different. Similar 3-PBA detection rates were found in the three groups, but the geometric mean was very high in the orchard group compared to the two greenhouse groups. 3- PBA concentration in the orchard group was 4.11 μg/g creatinine; the chili and cucumber greenhouse groups were 1.27 and 1.16 μg/g creatinine, respectively. ΣDAP was significantly associated with cultivation crop type and seasonal variation, but ΣPY was not relevant.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that cultivation and crop type may be correlated with different pesticide types and exposure levels. Furthermore, seasonal factors were related as potential factors influencing the level of organophosphate metabolites, but not for pyrethroid metabolites.
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KEYWORD
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Farmers, occupational exposure, pesticides, organophosphates, pyrethrin
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